Random numbers for cryptography are a tough subject because you need true random numbers and that is a difficult subject!However, the method you are suggesting is not sufficient whatsoever for cryptographic purposes.You should have a look at the NIST Recommendation for Random Number Generation Using Deterministic Random Bit Generators.Also, you might want to have a look at the "Handbook of Applied Cryptography".Lastly, you might want to learn about DIEHARDER and TESTU01 for testing the quality of your random bits as you need high entropy source.If this is for non-crypto purpose, you might want to use Keccak - SHA3 to extend the number of bits.Regards
1. Formula for bits of entropy per bit, when combining bits with XOR
Actually a stronger statement holds. It is enough for one of two bits to have maximum Shannon entropy, for their XOR to also have maximum Shannon entropy, provided they are statistically independent.If $A$ has probability distribution $(p,1-p)$ with $Pr[A==p$ and $B$ has probability distribution $(q,1-q)$ with $Pr[B==q$ and they are independent random variables then $Aoplus B$ has distribution with $$Pr[A oplus B==pq(1-p)(1-q)= 12pq-p-q$$If $A$ has full 1 bit Shannon entropy (so $p=1/2$) then$$Pr[A oplus B==12pq-p-q=1q-(1/2)-q=1/2. $$The case you give is not maximal, your overall vector has 1-bit entropy but can have up to 2 bits ideally. So you are stretching 1-bit entropy into 2 dimensions. The above formula can be applied to each bit but you need to specify the dependence structure between the bits of your two-dimensional vector. $papprox 0.2$ or $papprox 0.8$ gives entropy of around 1/2 bits.
2. Do you know codes & trivia for Calgary stations C105, Q107, The New 95.3 or others for Friday, 12/11/09?
Lowe's trivia - home decor kibbles and bits - ...fun stuff from meow mix brand meow mix - ... will be sent to you on the next business day
3. Giant brand bacon bits vegetarian?
Bacon is not vegetarian in any way. If you are bringing a dish that calls for it, bring it separately so that she can try your dish without it. People who want it will add it
4. Would nuking and asteroid trigger the Kessler Syndrome?
No. For debris to contribute to the Kessler effect, it has to be roughly in Low Earth Orbit. It is then slightly perturbed by collisions, but all of it remains in the same band. Wherever an asteroid may be, it is not in LEO. If we blow it up, its debris will either hit the Earth or hurtle past. It will not stay around to collide with satellites. The time taken for any single bit of debris to collide with anything in the Kessler effect is small - it is the cumulative effect of hundreds of thousands, and later millions, of bits of debris over years which causes the problem. Would nuking and asteroid trigger the Kessler Syndrome?
5. can cats eat little bits of steak?
meat is there natural diet. it wont hurt them. i never give meat to my cats cuz my cats fight over it. so its PERFECTLY SAFE. :)
6. how do I know my parakeet is pregnant and if so what do I do?
It takes about 2 days for an egg to form, travel down the cloaca and come out. You can not tell the female is pregnant - she will not look swollen. You might be able to tell when she's about to lay one because maybe you will see her straining a bit at the bottom of the cage. If you see your budgie straining for a few hours, your parakeet could be suffering from a potentially-fatal condition known as egg-binding, where the egg will not come out. If you see this, you can try to dab some warm olive oil around the opening, but if this does not help her, get her to a veterinarian pronto! This is an emergency situation and your keet can die if this is not treated quickly enough! I would recommend getting a proper nest box for them if you do decide to breed them (after both birds have been looked at by a vet to make sure they are healthy and strong enough to lay and raise eggs). Egg production is stressful for birds; it depletes their nutritional stores, and predisposes them to malnutrition, osteoporosis, and life-threatening illnesses. Parakeets need a very good diet when breeding. Enriched variety of parakeet seed mix. A supplement of pellets for parakeets either in an individual dish or mixed with seed. A powdered vitamin supplement added to food (not water). Organic fresh greens should be provided daily. Examples are dandelion leaves or carrot-tops. All produce must be organic! Even a tiny amount of pesticides are enough to kill a baby chick. Bits of shredded carrots are good too. Also give them little tiny bits of cooked chicken or eggfood for protein, but only when breeding. The better variety of good foods you feed, the healthier the chicks will be. Try not to interfere too much with the breeding birds. Have a regular routine when you clean the cage. Keep the breeding cage very clean. Change the food and water each day. Check the food and water levels both in the morning and night. Nest box should be checked once per day, preferably when the hen comes out to poop and stretch her wings. Remove broken egg shells or any dead chicks(sorry, but it does happen) right away.
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